<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sibsutis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник СибГУТИ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-6920</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СибГУТИ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55648/1998-6920-2026-3-20-3-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sibsutis-1108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Верификация личности оператора по динамике одиночных нажатий мыши в системе аттестации специалистов неразрушающего контроля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Operator identity verification by single mouse-click dynamics in a certification system for non-destructive testing specialists</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8328-2415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попков</surname><given-names>Артём Антонович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popkov</surname><given-names>Artyom Antonovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Информационные технологии транспорта», Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения (СГУПС, 630049, г. Новосибирск, ул. Дуси Ковальчук, д. 191), тел. +7-999-468-5626, e-mail: zabagy@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8328-2415.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Engineering, associate professor, Siberian Transport University (STU, 191 D. Kovalchuk St., Novosibirsk, 630049), e-mail: zabagy@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8328-2415</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zabagy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-5882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Выплавень</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyplaven</surname><given-names>Vladimir Sergeyevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры «Информационные технологии транспорта», Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения (СГУПС, 630049, г. Новосибирск, ул. Дуси Ковальчук, д. 191), тел. +7-923-231-97-79, e-mail: vladimir97927@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9083-5882</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Engineering, associate professor, Siberian Transport University (STU, 191 D. Kovalchuk St., Novosibirsk, 630049), e-mail: vladimir97927@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9083-5882</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir97927@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6388-2285</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коровченко</surname><given-names>Алексей Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korovchenko</surname><given-names>Alexey Yuryevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер-программист НИЛ «ФМК», Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения (СГУПС, 630049, г. Новосибирск, ул. Дуси Ковальчук, д. 191), тел. +7-913-765-05-00, e-mail: lecha3525@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0009-0002-6388-2285.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Software engineer, Siberian Transport University (STU, 191 D. Kovalchuk St., Novosibirsk, 630049), e-mail: lecha3525@gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0009-0002-6388-2285.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lecha3525@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения (СГУПС)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Transport University (STU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Вестник СибГУТИ</issue-title><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Попков А.А., Выплавень В.С., Коровченко А.Ю., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попков А.А., Выплавень В.С., Коровченко А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popkov A.A., Vyplaven V.S., Korovchenko A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.sibsutis.ru/jour/article/view/1108">https://vestnik.sibsutis.ru/jour/article/view/1108</self-uri><abstract><p>Процедура аттестации специалистов неразрушающего контроля влечёт правовые последствия, поэтому подлинность результата тестирования следует относить к задачам защиты информации. Парольная защита подтверждает подлинность субъекта только в момент входа и не контролирует, кто фактически отвечает на вопросы в течение сеанса. Устранить этот разрыв позволяет поведенческая биометрия, скрытная по способу сбора признаков. В работе оценивается надёжность подтверждения личности аттестуемого по динамике одиночных нажатий мыши и выявляются признаки с наибольшей различающей способностью. Источником данных послужил журнал действующей системы аттестации, накопленный с 2020 года и содержащий свыше 3,4 млн событий нажатия от 250 пользователей. Для каждого нажатия зафиксированы длительность удержания кнопки и относительные координаты точки нажатия. Предложен набор из шестнадцати сессионных признаков и схема верификации с открытым множеством, использующая в качестве базовой модели случайный лес. Интервальные оценки качества получены бутстрепом (методом размножения выборок) по пользователям. На тестовой выборке достигнута равная ошибка (EER) 18,3 % при оценке по одной сессии (95 %-й доверительный интервал [16,2; 19,5] %) и площадь под характеристической кривой 0,899. Объединение решений по нескольким сессиям снижает ошибку до долей процента (0,47 % при двенадцати сессиях), что ввиду статистической зависимости сессий одного пользователя следует понимать как оптимистическую границу. Наибольший вклад в различающую способность вносят пространственные признаки точки нажатия, дополняемые длительностью удержания кнопки. Показана применимость динамики нажатий как дополнительного, скрытно собираемого фактора подтверждения подлинности субъекта в системах тестирования без дополнительного оборудования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Certification of non-destructive testing specialists entails legal consequences, so the authenticity of the test result should be treated as an information-security task. Password protection confirms the subject's identity only at login and does not control who actually answers the questions during the session. Behavioral biometrics, covert in the way features are collected, closes this gap. This paper assesses the reliability of confirming an examinee's identity by the dynamics of single mouse clicks and identifies the most discriminative features. The data source is the log of an operational certification system accumulated since 2020, containing over 3.4 million click events from 250 users. The hold duration and the relative coordinates of the click point are recorded for each click. A set of sixteen session-level features and an open-set verification scheme using a random forest as the baseline model are proposed. Interval quality estimates are obtained by user-level bootstrap. On the test set, an equal error rate (EER) of 18.3 % was achieved for single-session scoring (95 % confidence interval [16.2; 19.5] %) with an area under the characteristic curve of 0.899. Fusing decisions over several sessions reduces the error to fractions of a percent (0.47 % for twelve sessions), which, given the statistical dependence of one user's sessions, should be understood as an optimistic bound. The spatial features of the click point, complemented by the button hold duration, contribute most to discriminability. The applicability of click dynamics as an additional, covertly collected factor for confirming subject authenticity in certification systems without extra hardware is demonstrated.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поведенческая биометрия</kwd><kwd>динамика нажатий мыши</kwd><kwd>скрытая аутентификация</kwd><kwd>верификация личности</kwd><kwd>защита информации</kwd><kwd>аттестация персонала</kwd><kwd>неразрушающий контроль</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>behavioral biometrics</kwd><kwd>mouse-click dynamics</kwd><kwd>covert authentication</kwd><kwd>identity verification</kwd><kwd>information security</kwd><kwd>personnel certification</kwd><kwd>non-destructive testing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">User authentication through mouse dynamics / C. Shen [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. Vol. 8. — 2013. — P. 16–30. — DOI: 10.1109/ TIFS.2012.2223677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed A. A. E., Traore I. A new biometric technology based on mouse dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 2007, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 165–179. DOI: 10.1109/TDSC.2007.70207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed A. A. E., Traore I. A new biometric technology based on mouse dynamics // IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Vol. 4. — 2007. — P. 165–179. — DOI: 10.1109/TDSC.2007.70207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen C., Cai Z., Guan X., Du Y., Maxion R. A. User authentication through mouse dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2013, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 16–30. DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2012.2223677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jorgensen Z., Yu T. On mouse dynamics as a behavioral biometric for authentication // Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS). — 2011. — P. 476–482. — DOI: 10.1145/1966913.1966983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jorgensen Z., Yu T. On mouse dynamics as a behavioral biometric for authentication. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS), 2011, pp. 476–482. DOI: 10.1145/1966913.1966983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouse dynamics behavioral biometrics: a survey / S. Khan [et al.] // ACM Computing Surveys. — 2024. — Vol. 56, no. 6. — P. 1–33. — DOI: 10.1145/3640311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng N., Paloski A., Wang H. An efficient user verification system via mouse movements. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2011, pp. 139–150. DOI: 10.1145/2046707.2046725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng N., Paloski A., Wang H. An efficient user verification system via mouse move ments // Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). — 2011. — P. 139–150. — DOI: 10.1145/2046707.2046725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feher C., Elovici Y., Moskovitch R., Rokach L., Schclar A. User identity verification via mouse dynamics. Information Sciences, 2012, vol. 201, pp. 19–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2012.02.066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">User identity verification via mouse dynamics / C. Feher [et al.] // Information Sci ences. — 2012. — Vol. 201. — P. 19–36. — DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2012.02.066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen C., Cai Z., Guan X., Maxion R. A. Performance evaluation of anomaly-detection algorithms for mouse dynamics. Computers &amp; Security, 2014, vol. 45, pp. 156–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2014.05.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Performance evaluation of anomaly-detection algorithms for mouse dynamics / C. Shen [et al.] // Computers &amp; Security. — 2014. — Vol. 45. — P. 156–171. — DOI: 10.1016/ j.cose.2014.05.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chong P., Elovici Y., Binder A. User authentication based on mouse dynamics using deep neural networks: a comprehensive study. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2020, vol. 15, pp. 1086–1101. DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2019.2930429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chong P., Elovici Y., Binder A. User authentication based on mouse dynamics using deep neural networks: a comprehensive study // IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. Vol. 15. — 2020. — P. 1086–1101. — DOI: 10.1109/TIFS.2019.2930429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antal M., Egyed-Zsigmond E. Intrusion detection using mouse dynamics. IET Biometrics, 2019, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 285–294. DOI: 10.1049/iet-bmt.2018.5126.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almalki S., Assery N., Roy K. An empirical evaluation of online continuous authentication and anomaly detection using mouse clickstream data analysis // Applied Sciences. — 2021. — Vol. 11, no. 13. — P. 6083. — DOI: 10.3390/app11136083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almalki S., Assery N., Roy K. An empirical evaluation of online continuous authentication and anomaly detection using mouse clickstream data analysis. Applied Sciences, 2021, vol. 11, no. 13, art. 6083. DOI: 10.3390/app11136083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balabit Mouse Dynamics Challenge data set / ´ A. F¨ul¨op [et al.]. — 2016. — URL: https://github.com (visited on 07/02/2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan S., Devlen C., Manno M., Hou D. Mouse dynamics behavioral biometrics: a survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 2024, vol. 56, no. 6, art. 154, pp. 1–33. DOI: 10.1145/3640311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antal M., D´enes-Fazakas L. User verification based on mouse dynamics: a comparison of public data sets // Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI). — 2021. — P. 000155–000160. — DOI: 10.1109/SACI51354.2021.9465583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fülöp Á., Kovács L., Kurics T., Windhager-Pokol E. Balabit Mouse Dynamics Challenge data set. 2016. Available at: https://github.com/balabit/Mouse-Dynamics-Challenge (accessed 02.07.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antal M., Egyed-Zsigmond E. Intrusion detection using mouse dynamics // IET Biomet rics. — 2019. — Vol. 8, no. 5. — P. 285–294. — DOI: 10.1049/iet-bmt.2018.5126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antal M., Dénes-Fazakas L. User verification based on mouse dynamics: a comparison of public data sets. Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI), 2021, pp. 000155–000160. DOI: 10.1109/SACI51354.2021.9465583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков А. А., Школина Д. С. Мониторинг и оценка результатов технической под готовки специалистов по неразрушающему контролю объектов железнодорожного транспорта // International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum TransSiberia 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Т. 403. — 2022. — С. 189—196. — DOI: 10.1007/978 3-030-96380-4_21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breiman L. Random forests. Machine Learning, 2001, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 5–32. DOI: 10.1023/A:1010933404324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Выплавень В. С., Коломеец А. О., Попков А. А. Обработка сигналов тензометрического контроля фильтром Калмана // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. — 2021. — Т. 2131, № 3. — С. 032015. — DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fawcett T. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2006, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 861–874. DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fawcett T. An introduction to ROC analysis // Pattern Recognition Letters. — 2006. — Vol. 27, no. 8. — P. 861–874. — DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efron B. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics, 1979, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–26. DOI: 10.1214/aos/1176344552.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вехов В. Б., Смушкин А. Б. Криминалистическое исследование цифровых отпечатков компьютерных устройств // Всероссийский криминологический журнал. — 2024. — Т. 18, № 4. — С. 390—397. — DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2024.18(4).390-397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vekhov V. B., Smushkin A. B. Kriminalisticheskoe issledovanie tsifrovykh otpechatkov komp'yuternykh ustroistv [Forensic investigation of digital fingerprints of computer devices]. Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal, 2024, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 390–397. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2024.18(4).390-397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breiman L. Random forests // Machine Learning. — 2001. — Vol. 45, no. 1. — P. 5 32. — DOI: 10.1023/A:1010933404324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyplaven V. S., Kolomeets A. O., Popkov A. A. Kalman-filter processing of strain-gauge testing signals. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, vol. 2131, no. 3, art. 032015. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2131/3/032015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efron B. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife // The Annals of Statistics. — 1979. — Vol. 7, no. 1. — P. 1–26. — DOI: 10.1214/aos/1176344552.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov A. A., Shkolina D. S. Monitoring and evaluation of the technical training results of non-destructive testing specialists for railway transport objects. International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum TransSiberia 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2022, vol. 403, pp. 189–196. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96380-4_21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
